supply indications during the first year should consider not only the nutritional requirements of this age but also the characteristics of maturation and development of the neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, renal and immune systems, so as to establish a transition gradually from breast-feeding to the usual mixed diet of older children and adults. must be remembered that although the case of a newborn with a weight and height and appropriate psychological level, the body has limitations and is not fully developed. Also, is the fact that, as a result of the rapid pace growth, nutritional needs at this stage are very high. The limitations of the body healthy but under development are:
digestive system. The infant is immature kidneys increase in size and functionality in the first weeks of life. These bodies double their weight by six months and triple it by the year of age. Renal function is optimal when food provides plenty of water and a low renal solute load (dissolved substances in liquid mineral salts, glucose, ...), such as breast milk. However, the intake of cow's milk or infant formula in the ill-prepared first months of life as well as vomiting and / or persistent diarrhea affect renal function.
The infant stomach capacity increases from 10 to 20 ml at birth to 200 the first year, allowing you to eat larger meals and less frequent. Emptying rate is relatively slow, depending on the volume and composition of food.
The pancreas does not secret or secret low levels of certain enzymes needed to complete the digestive process. The liver is also finalizing the maturation of many functions, including the ability to form glucose, bile acid synthesis (needed for digestion of fats, etc.).
The carbohydrate digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine. The newborn has enzymes that allow you to properly digest simple sugars such as lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table sugar) and some oligosaccharides, but has low levels of salivary amylase and only 10% of the activity amylase which limits the ability to digest complex carbohydrates (flour, cereals) before three or four months.
digestion and absorption of proteins function efficiently in newborns and infants, however, avoid excessive intake because it implies an overstrain renal consequences. The ability to absorb protein in early allows the passage of immunoglobulins (antibodies passed from mother to baby) mother's milk, but if you incorporate foreign proteins (cow's milk, bread ...) with increasing the antigenicity risk of developing food allergies (see below: reading: Prevention of food allergies).
digestion and absorption of fats are deficient in the newborn and premature because the activity of pancreatic enzymes and the amount of bile salts are insufficient. This low activity is compensated by a specific lipase especially contained in breast milk that is activated when the duodenum (part of the small intestine near the stomach), which does not occur when breast milk is replaced by milk formula.
renal system. Usually based on rice, pasta, vegetables with potatoes, mashed vegetables. The nutritional value of the first course is the energy contribution mainly from complex carbohydrates. It is important to introduce kids to take it because the energy needs are the first to be covered if they are to meet food proteins in the body function form tissues and encourage growth. If this does not take into account The body uses proteins to meet its energy needs and will be holding an unbalanced diet.
nervous system. After the birth is still developing. During the first four months, the brain increases its volume at a rate of two grams per day.
immune system. The baby will not by itself produce antibodies that protect against infection and contamination until the fourth or sixth week of life. Therefore it is important breast milk, which transferred immunoglobulins unlike infant formula adapted.
digestion and absorption of fat is deficient in newborn and premature because the activity of pancreatic enzymes and the amount of bile salts are insufficient. This low activity is compensated by a specific lipase especially contained in breast milk that is activated when the duodenum (part of the small intestine near the stomach), which does not occur when breast milk is replaced by milk formula.
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